Placental abruption is a condition in which the placenta separates before the birth of the fetus. If occurs in about 1% of pregnancies. Risk factors for placental abruption include maternal hypertension, smoking, cocaine use, trauma, premature rupture of membranes, and short umbilical cord. Patients

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a disorder characterized by infrequent or lack of menstrual cycles, hyperandrogenism, hirsutism (excessive body and facial hair), obesity, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. Patients with PCOS may have all or some of these symptoms. Other conditions

Polyhydramnios is the accumulation of excessive amniotic fluid. It can be caused by congenital anomalies, maternal diabetes, twin-twin transfusion syndrome, congenital infections, and fetal hydrops. However, about two-thirds of all cases of polyhydramnios are idiopathic which means that the cause is

Postcoital bleeding is bleeding that occurs during or after sexual intercourse. Causes of postcoital bleeding include vaginal dryness, vaginal tears, cervical ectropion (condition in which the canal of the cervix is turned inside out and the fragile cells are exposed), cervical polyps (growths that extend

Posterm pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy that has reached or extended beyond 42 weeks gestation. Late-term pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy that has reached between 41 weeks 0 days and 41 weeks 6 days gestation. Risk factors for postterm pregnancy include a history of prior postterm pregnancy,

Postmenopausal bleeding is any vaginal bleeding that occurs after a patient has entered menopause, which is the point in time 12 months after a woman's last period. Because one of the primary signs of endometrial cancer is postmenopausal bleeding, it is important that this symptom be evaluated. It is